Study: Crane safety regulations vary widely

NEW YORK -- Dan Mooney has no idea what it will take for his construction cranes to pass inspection.

The crane company owner recently asked New York City officials for a list of safety hazards for which inspectors look. He was told that information wasn't public.

"How am I supposed to know what I need if you won't tell me?" Mooney asked. "It's like not posting the speed limit."

In 35 other states, crane companies face a different problem: Operators don't need licenses of any kind.

An Associated Press analysis found that cities and states have wildly varying rules governing construction cranes, and some have no regulations at all, choosing instead to rely on federal guidelines dating back nearly 40 years that some experts say haven't kept up with technological advances.

Crane safety is getting extra scrutiny following an alarming number of crane-related deaths in recent months in places such as New York, Miami and Las Vegas. In New York City, two crane accidents since March have killed nine people -- a greater number than the total deaths from cranes over the past decade.

Many states have no count of their cranes, nor do they mandate training for workers who run the equipment, or for officials who certify crane operators. Even the federal government acknowledged last month that updated standards would prevent some crane accidents.

In Nevada, all crane operators, even drivers of smaller cranes, must have certification to run the machines.

The stringent state regulations came from the 1994 collapse of a tower crane in the parking lot of a Laughlin hotel-casino. The accident killed three people and ushered in some of the strictest crane regulations in the nation, said Steve Holloway, executive vice president of the local chapter of Associated General Contractors, in a recent interview.

Among other measures, the laws that followed the Laughlin collapse call for clear zones when builders assemble or dismantle cranes, or conduct hazardous lifts. They also demand annual certification of cranes' mechanical lifting parts, plus certification each time a tower crane is erected.

Fifteen days before a builder puts up a tower crane, the company must notify Nevada OSHA, bring in building plans and meet with OSHA officials. The same process covers crane dismantling. All crane operators must undergo extensive training, pass "pretty difficult tests" and earn state certification, Holloway said.

New York City has only four inspectors on the payroll to inspect more than 200 cranes, 26 of them large tower cranes. About four inspections are conducted each day, a routine that one 40-year industry veteran said won't detect real problems such as the rebuilt crane part blamed for a crane collapse last month.

The crane standards of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration were last updated in 1971. They require cranes to be inspected once a year. But most of the inspections never happen. OSHA, which is part of the Labor Department, inspected only about 23,000 of the country's some 4 million construction sites last year.

Labor Department spokeswoman Sharon Worthy said she didn't know how many of those sites had cranes, but the federal government last year issued $500,000 in annual penalties for crane violations.

Updating the regulations, Worthy said, "is a top regulatory priority" for the agency. But approving the rules could still take more than a year after the Labor Department finishes an internal review of the proposed new regulations.

Running a crane is among the most highly specialized skills in construction. Operators of tower cranes, like the two that collapsed into Manhattan residential neighborhoods, cannot see the loads they're picking up and must use a radio to communicate with workers on the ground.

One wrong move can bring tragic consequences. In March, two construction workers in Florida were killed when a crane plummeted 30 stories onto a condo project, damaging the home used in the movie "There's Something about Mary." More than 50 people have died in crane accidents in Florida over the past decade.

"There's certification for your plumbers, your pipe fitters," said John Lindsey, a crane operator and treasurer of his union local in Jefferson City, Mo. "Why in the heck won't they hear about certification for your operators?"

Bruce Whitten, chairman of the Florida Crane Owners Council, bemoaned the state's lack of licensing requirements for crane operators.

"Anyone can operate a crane," he said. "I can take you over there and you can go operate a crane."

But Whitten was among industry leaders who sued to block Miami-Dade County crane ordinances enacted last spring that would have required that operators be licensed and that cranes withstand wind speeds of 140 mph. The lawsuit said none of the 200 cranes operating in the county could meet the standard.

Florida lawmakers introduced a bill that reduced the wind speed limit to 120 mph and required a national operator's test, but Miami-Dade legislators blocked it, saying it would weaken local standards.

After the March 15 crane collapse in Manhattan that killed seven people, Dallas checked its 23 cranes and found that eight had uncertified operators at the controls.

In states that only go by OSHA standards, annual crane inspections are largely a matter of self-policing by crane owners. Federal law requires that inspection records be kept, but not submitted.

"There are people who don't do it because they know their machinery will not pass code," said John Alexander, an inspector for Cranetex Services in Austin, Texas. "There are people who will give the excuse that they can't afford it."

Even if regular inspections were conducted, the federal standards have not evolved to address equipment that is twice the size of cranes used in the 1970s and uses computers, Alexander said.

California, with some of the toughest crane regulations in the nation, has required independent inspections of equipment for decades.

After an 1989 tower crane accident killed five people in San Francisco, the state began requiring twice-a-year inspections and mandating that operators submit drawings of the crane's placement before receiving a permit. Since then, no one has died in a tower crane accident, said Roy Berg, a regional manager with the state Division of Occupational Safety and Health.

Third-party inspections are also required in Nevada, and crane contractors are responsible for maintenance and daily inspections. Before May 31, when a worker was crushed by a moving crane at a Las Vegas Strip megaresort under construction, the state hadn't had a crane accident in 14 years.

RECENT CONSTRUCTION CRANE ACCIDENTS

A look at some recent accidents across the country involving construction cranes:

• Dec. 14, 2007, New York: A crane building a Goldman Sachs headquarters near ground zero drops seven tons of steel on a construction trailer, critically injuring an architect inside.

• Jan. 22, Port Washington, Wis.: A crane being used to lift a concrete mixer at a parking lot hits power lines. A construction worker is killed.

• Feb. 2, Pacific Junction, Iowa: A crane collapses at a gas pipeline construction site, trapping and killing a man.

• March 15, New York: A 19-story crane breaks away from an apartment tower under construction. The accident demolishes a townhouse and damages several other buildings. Six construction workers, including the crane operator, are killed, along with a tourist visiting the city for St. Patrick's Day.

• March 19, Montpelier, Iowa: A man dies after falling 60 feet from a crane at an eastern Iowa steel plant.

• March 25, Miami: A crane at a condo project falls 30 stories onto a home used in the movie "There's Something about Mary," killing two workers and injuring five.

• April 30, Parole, Md.: A construction worker dismantling a crane dies when he is pinned between two pieces of it at a shopping mall under construction.

• May 20: Adair, Iowa: A crane replacing a bridge on an interstate highway topples onto railroad tracks, killing the operator.

• May 23, Iatan, Mo.: An 800-ton crane collapses near a power plant construction site. One worker is killed and three others injured.

• May 30, New York: A 200-foot crane building a condo project in Manhattan smashes into another apartment building and to the street, killing the operator and another construction worker.

• May 31, Las Vegas: A crane at the site of a Las Vegas resort crushes to death a construction worker caught between the crane track and its counterweight system.

• May 31, Wright, Wyo.: Three ironworkers are hurt when a large crane collapses as it sets a section of tubing above railroad tracks at a coal mine.

• June 4, Dundalk, Md.: A crane collapses during a storm, briefly trapping two steel mill workers.

THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

Review-Journal writer Jennifer Robison contributed to this report.